Clausius Statement
The statement emphasizes that it is impossible to create a device that operates in a cycle and accomplishes nothing more than transferring heat from a lower-temperature body to a higher-temperature body. In simpler terms, a refrigerator cannot function without the supply of external work to the refrigeration system.
This principle is rooted in the fact that, in nature, heat naturally flows from regions of higher temperature to lower temperature. To reverse this natural flow and transfer heat from a lower-temperature environment to a higher-temperature one, additional work must be supplied to the system. Refrigerators and heat pumps operate based on this fundamental principle. The violation of the Clausius statement is depicted in Figure 1.12.
It’s important to note that the two statements of the second law of thermodynamics, Kelvin–Planck and Clausius, are equivalent. This means that any device that contravenes the Kelvin–Planck statement also violates the Clausius statement, and vice versa. Devices that break the first law of thermodynamics by creating energy are known as perpetual-motion machines of the first kind (PMM1). Conversely, those that defy the second law are referred to as perpetual-motion machines of the second kind (PMM2). In practice, PMM1 and PMM2 devices are theoretical constructs, as they would require perpetual motion and the creation or destruction of energy, both of which are not possible within the known laws of thermodynamics.